Nervous System Disorders

What is central nervous system?

Central nervous system of human consists of the brain and spinal cord that are both protected in the three ways 

The first ways is the 

Cranium  

Cranium  is a part of skull that protect  the brain and the neural arches. The brain and spinal cord are also protected by triple layers of the meninges. The cerebrospinal fluid similar in the concentration to the blood plasma bathes the neurons of the brain and spinal cord and it cushions against the bumps and jolts. Both brain and the spinal cord are hollow in its inner sphere. The spinal cord has central canal and brain has many cavities filled by C S F that are also between the meninges.

Peripheral nervous systems

Peripheral nervous system comprises of the sensory neurons and the motor neurons that can form ganglia and the nerves. Ganglia are the concentrations of the cell bodies of neurons. The nerves are the bundles of the axons or dendrites, bounded by connective tissues.

 Nervous disorders in humans bodies

Following are more common diseases of nervous systems in human bodies.

Alzheimer s disease

Alzheimer s disease was early described by the Alois  Alzheimer in 1907. It is mentioned by the decline in the brain function. 

Symptoms

Its symptoms are similar to those disorders which results dementia. There is a genetic pre disposition to the disease in some people so it tends to run in next families. There is also evidence that high levels of aluminium can contribute to the one set of this disorders. There is also decline in brain function with age limit.

Parkinson s disorder 

Parkinson s disorder is a nervous disorder, characterized by the involuntary tremors, diminished motor power and rigidity. The mental faculties are not affected. The disease is believed to be caused by cell death in brain area that develops dopamine. One set of disease is usually in 50 s and 60 s. The disorder is slowly progressive the patient can live for many years. The disorder can result by head trauma.

 Effective drugs are available such as L-dopa. A naturally occurring protein called glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor has been shown to boost uptake of dopamine when delivered to lab rats and monkeys. G D NF may be used in near future for humans in the treatment of this disease.

Epilepsy 

Epilepsy is one of the convulsive disease of nerves which are mentioned by abrupt transient signs of the motor sensory psychic or also autonomic nature, frequently associated with alters in the consciousness. These alters are belied to be secondary to sudden transient alterations in brain functions associated with excessive rapid electric discharges in the gray matter.

Age limits         

 The one set of the epilepsy is commonly before the age of 30 years old. Later age one set suggests organic disorders. In some patients, emotional disturbances play a important trigger role. Anticonvulsant  drugs are being used for this purposes. Alcohol aggravates epilepsy, so persons suffering from epilepsy should avoid from drinking of alcohol.

Our bones and their function

 

What is human bone?

Human bone is the hard and rigid  structure.  Hunan bone is made up of the connective tissue.Bone is also made up of the colleen fiber are strict and hardened by deposit of calcium phosphate. Our bones are consists of the compact bone with spongy bone.

Parts of the bones

There are two parts of the bones.

1-Compact bone 

2-Spongy bone

Compact bone 

Compact bone is dense and strong and also surrounded an attachment place for muscles.

Spongy bone

Spongy bone is a less high  rich  in blood vessels and also extremely porous and cavities of spongy bone posses bone marrow  where blood cells are  prepared

Type of bone cells which make bones of humans are three types as shown below.

Osteoblast

Osteocyte

Osteoclast

The first cell Osteoblast is bone forming cell. The second cell Osteocyte is the mature bone cell and  the third from of the cell is Osteoclast which is bone dissolving cells.

Process of development of the bones 

There are following steps in the process of the bone developments.

First of all in the development of the bone when bone is replacing  cartilages tissues the osteoblast invade and also dissolve the cartilaginous. In the second step osteoblast is replaced it with the bone. In the third step as bone grows the matrix of bone is hardened and  the osteoblasts are commonly entrapped in it.

Where bone occur

There are more sites in which our bones occur but the largest bone of our body is bone of the ran and the smallest bone of our body is the bone of the our ear. In human bones are divided by two parts first part is the Axial skeleton and the second part is the Apendicular skeleton. In our body bones are present in different parts of the body such as the legs, arms, hands, vertebra, in foots, face.

Axial skeleton

Axial skeleton includes totally fifty five bones which are present in the skull vertebrae, ribs and the sternum.

Skull

It includes cranium and facial structures.

Vertebral column 

Vertebral column  extends from the skull to the pelvis to from backbone that protects the spinal cord.

Rib cage

It involves of the twelve pairs of the ribs which articulate with the thoracic vertebrae.

2-Appendicular skeleton

Appendicular skeleton includes three types of bones like pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle and also appendages

Joints are also parts of our bones they occur where two bones meet to each others. Our joints provide support to our bones and we can walk with the help of bones and their joints and also we can movie from one place to another through these bones and the joints.

Types of the joints 

There are three types of joints as shown below.

Fibrous joints

Cartilaginous joints

Synovial joints 

Synovial joints  is further classified into the hinge joint and Ball and socket joint.

Hinge joint

Hinge joint are those joint types of joints which only allow movements in two directions. These joints are present in our elbow and knew.

Ball and Socket joint 

Ball and Socket joint  are those joints that allows the movements in all the directions.These joints are present in the  hip joint and shoulder are ball and the socket joint.

Urinary balladeer function and disease

 

What is urinary bladder?

Urinary bladder is organ of urination. It plays an important rule in the excretion of wastes from our body. It is vital organ for the excretion of wastes. In the process of excretion following structures are involved as given below.

Pair of kidney

Pair of ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Now we will discus the structure of each organs by one by one.

Pair of kidney

Our body posses  the pair of kidney.The left kidney is uper and right kidney is lower than lift kidney. Our kidneys filter the blood and waste product is removed through urethra.

Pair of Ureter

Human body posses the pair of ureter. These are tubes which are connected to the kidneys and their ends are connected to the urinary bladder. They receive  urine from kidney and transfer it to the urinary balladeer.

Urinary bladder

Human body posses a muscular organ called as urinary bladder. It stores urine temporary and then remove it through the urethra. Urinary balladeer is a hollow organ ureter takes urine and transfer it in to the urinary balladeer other wise it is a hollow organ.  Urinary bladder is reservoir for the storage of the urine. The total urine storing capacity to store urine is about 600 ml at a time.But when 3 to 4      ml urine store urge start to urination. if urine is equal to 600  ml then urinary balladeer undergoes to involuntary control.

 Location of urinary bladder

The position of the urinary bladder depend upon its emptiness or stored. If it is empty and relax then it is located in the pelvic cavity. And if it is filled with urine then it spread in to the abdomen.

Shape of urinary bladder

Its shape also depend upon the emptiness or stored if it is empty and their is not any urine in it then it looks like a bear. If it is fill with the urine then its shape is balloon like so its shape and location depend upon or vary according to the the emptiness or stored.  Here some walls are present which are voluntary and involuntary for excretion of the waste urine.

There are followings structures in the human urinary balladeer.

Trig one 

Trig one is a structure formed by the orifices present in the urinary bladder. The two orifices are located in the lower of ureter and one orifices located at the mouth opening of urethra. All these three orifices form a triangular shape called as trig one.  

Walls of bladder

Bladder walls are composed three types of the tissues 

from which these are prepared  we will discus them by

 one by one.

Outer layer 

It is prepared by lose connective tissue and its uper side is covered by peritoneum. So uper layer is called as peritoneum.

Content

It posses blood vessels.

It posses nerves.

And also posses lymph.

Middle layer 

Middle layer is made up of the  muscles so it is called muscular layer and it is made up of the smooth muscles and elastic tissue. It is made by elastic muscle so it is called as ditreouses muscles.  When we void (pass of urination) then this muscle contract and urine pass away out of the body. These muscles remain relax when ureter receive urine from kidneys and transfer it to the urinary balladeer. So it remain relax when urine is being filled in urinary balladeer.

In er layer mucous

The inner layer is made up of the mucous so it is called as mucous. This layer makes folds in its its inner side. These folds occur when urinary balladeer remains relax  or when   it is empty. When this is filled with urine then these folds disappears because when urine enter in this layer then     these folds expend and fluid is stored in it.  

Blood supply

Blood is supplied to the urinary balladeer through vesicle arteries.

Heart function and disease by Madduki

 

What is heart?

Heart is vital organ of body and it play an important function of transporting of blood  through out of the body. For the transport of blood in our whole body there are nerves called as blood vessels. Those blood vessels which carry blood towards the hearts are called as veins and those blood vessels which carry blood away from the blood is called as arteries. 

Superior vanacava

And a large pipe which is called as superior vanacava transport the blood to uper wards of head and hand and lower pipe called as inferior venacava transport the blood to the lower part of the body like as abdomen and foot.

Structure of heart 

Our heart weight is about human wrist but its small structure play an important rule in the transporting of the blood through out the blood and it is more below towards the lift lungs. And it is surrounding by double walwe called as pericardium.

Heart walwes

Our heart is separated by two walwes with the help of a wall called cardiac septum Our heart right part posses de oxygenated blood and lift part posses oxygenated blood. The wall (cardiac septum) separates their oxygenated and de oxygenated blood from the mixing to each other. Our heart is situated between our lungs.There are four chamber of our hearts as shown below. There are four parts of our body as given below.

Right atrium

Lift atrium

Right ventricle

Lift ventricle

Proses of oxygenation of blood

The blood coming from these parts of our bodies  enter in the right atrium of our heart and this blood is de oxygenated there is a walve in the below of right atrium called tricuspid walve and this walve open only when right ventricle spread.There are four walve of this type in our body and these walve stop the extra flow of our blood and these are

Pulmonary wall

Trans cupid walve

Aortic walve

Lungs rule

When right ventricle spread then blood from uper right atrium comes in to right ventricle when this ventricle back contract the blood and in this way the blood from pulmonary artery and then enter in to the lungs where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is added in it now this oxygenated blood through pulmonary vein enter in to the left atrium and this blood does not go to the left ventricle until does not spread and there is also walve when left atrium contract this blood enter into the left ventrium through this wall. 

Aorta

Then this blood enter in to a the called as aorta. Aorta transport the blood through out the blood with the help of the arteries. Aorta is the largest artery of our body.  After the transport of oxygenated blood in to our body the de oxygenated blood is then enter in to the right atrium and in this way this cycle continue.

Heart disease

Coronary arteries transport blood to our heart and some times a condition occur due to which these arteries are blocked and blood passing through them stooped  and in this cause following symptoms are occur 

1-Chest pain 

2-Breathing problem

3-Heart attack

This disease occur when patient eat more cholesterol and proteins foods are due to over stress and taking over weight.  

Cholesterol foods

This condition occur when coronary arteries are blocked and blood cannot pass through them and this condition occur due to two reason first of all eating more cholesterol things and the second one is the injury in the coronary arteries in this time the blood passing through these aeries start accumulating in this area and in this way it is blocked and blood cannot pass through these arteries and as result these arteries are blocked and they cannot transport the blood through out the body.

Heart attack

 And as result causing chest pain or heart attack. The patience of this disease are advice to inhibit  taking high weight, eating more cholesterol es substances and taking more stress. 

Liver functions and importance by Mudduki

Where liver occur liver

Liver occur in abdomen on the right side and on the top.  It is largest organ of our body and also it is vital organ of our bod. There are more than 500 function of our liver. 

Parts of the liver 

There are four lobs of the  liver as shown below

1-Right lobe 

2-light lobe

3-Caudate lobe

4-Guadrate lobe

5-Coronary ligament

Liver weight

The weight of the liver is about 1.5 kg in the abdomen.

Doctor advice 

If someone is the patient of the liver disease then doctor advice him to used the low foods such as lower energy foods so that there will be no need to control the liver disease because of the low eating. Liver function is more pivotal to our body if any disturbance occur in our liver our whole body is disturbed by this disease.

Functions of liver

There are following functions of the liver

1-Metabolic function

Proteins

Carbohydrate 

Fats

Vitamin 

Storage functions of the liver 

Vitamin A, B 12,D

Iron folic acid

Glycogen amino acid

The food we eat every day should be stored in some place so liver is the exactly that place where this energy is stored.

Synthetic functions

In our body should be a organ for the synthesis of specific things such as shown below

Glucose 

Protein

1-Plasma protein

2-Clotting factor

3-Hormone binding protein 

Steroid

All these nutrients are syntheses are by the liver and all of these are  pivotal for the body health.

Secreting functions

 Liver secret 

1-bile which is the important for the digestion and absorption of the food.

Liver Excretion

All things we eat and receive energy and for other other purposes. This is nature rule that every thing waste something for example from plants 

Plants undergoes to photosynthesis and produce water as the product of the photosynthesis and realse CO 2 as a waste product same as there are some things that must be undergoes to the excretion for example

1-Liver removes bacteria 

2-Liver removes virus 

3-Liver removes Toxins

4-Metals like arsenic, bismuth and lead

5- Bile pigment and cholesterol

All these things are dangerous or harmful for our body so liver excrete all these things from our body. Liver kill all these things with the help of the bile.  Bacteria are present in our food which we daily used if liver does not pay their rule then we can ill.

Heat production 

Liver also produce heat through the metabolism of the carbohydrate, proteins,  fats and the vitamins. Liver is the largest organ of our body which produce heat for different purposes that occur in our body. Heat quantity is more important for the purposes of the maintenance in different environments.

Hemopoetic function of the Liver

When we have not born at this time our liver is in active from and prepare the blood for our body.

1-In fetus liver produce blood cells

2-B 12 and folic acid for erythrocytes

3-Iron for hemoglobin

4-And promotes plat elates production

5-Red blood cells after 120 days of life span destroy in liver

Hemoglobin is the protein which is used for the clotting of the blood cells if an injury occur and in this case blood lost and in this time hemoglobin clot the blood  and in this way blood is saved So this protein is important protein.

In activation of drugs and hormones

Liver can inactivates the drugs and hormones.

It can also convert fat soluble medicines  to water soluble.

And can also inactive growth hormone such as growth hormone, insulin and the estrogen hormones.

Defense functions of the liver

1- Liver can kills the microorganisms such as bacteria

2-Viruses

3-Toxins

It also protect us from different disease and keep our health good. So liver is an important organ of our body.